V Electrical Supply/Power/Lighting Systems

Contents

V1 GENERATION/SUPPLY/HV DISTRIBUTION
V10 Electricity Generation Plant
V11 HV Supply/Distribution/Public Utility Supply
V12 LV Supply/Public Utility Supply
V2 GENERAL LV DISTRIBUTION/LIGHTING/POWER
V20 LV Distribution
V22 General LV Power
V3 SPECIAL TYPES OF SUPPLY/DISTRIBUTION
V30 Extra Low Voltage Supply
V31 DC Supply
V32 Uninterrupted Power Supply
V4 SPECIAL LIGHTING
V40 Emergency Lighting
V41 Street/Area/Flood Lighting
V42 Studio/Auditorium/Arena Lighting
V5 ELECTRIC HEATING
V50 Electric Underfloor/Ceiling Heating
V51 Local Electric Heating Units
V9 GENERAL/OTHER ELECTRICAL WORK
V90 General Lighting And Power (Small Scale)

V1 Generation/Supply/HV Distribution

CONSIDER:
• All appropriate renewable systems including:
- Solar thermal,
- Photovoltaics,
- Wind (including integrated wind systems such as Urban Turbines)
- Ground-source heat
- Air source heat (heat exchangers)
- Microturbines
• Minimise size of pumps and motors through design e.g. shorter and bigger diameter pipes require smaller pumps and motors.
• Specify most efficient appliances and luminaires: Efficiency: Grade A in all cases.
• Significant energy savings over life of equipment and of building can be achieved.
• Specify most efficient lighting, consider LED and piezo-electronic systems where available and appropriate.

V10 Electricity Generation Plant

CONSIDER:
• Above all else reduce demands before designing for more renewable electricity generation:
• Electricity supply: hand over the building to the Employer (Client) with a Green Tariff electricity supply, avoiding the financial burden of the equipment to generate renewable electricity.
• Leasing renewable energy generation equipment in preference to purchase to enable use at all, updating of the equipment, etc.
• Renewable Electricity Generation on site as a low priority, or in small autonomous installations.

AVOID:
• Large photovoltaic arrays which may (currently) cost millions, generate very little power, and probably not pay for themselves.

V11 HV Supply/Distribution/Public Utility Supply

CONSIDER:
• Electricity supply: hand over the building to the Employer (Client) with a Green Tariff electricity supply, avoiding the financial burden of the equipment to generate renewable electricity.
• Private networks linking many generation plants in many buildings, around sites, campus, or towns.

V12 LV Supply/Public Utility Supply

CONSIDER:
• Electricity supply: hand over the building to the Employer (Client) with a Green Tariff electricity supply, avoiding the financial burden of the equipment to generate renewable electricity.
• Private networks linking many generation plants in many buildings, around sites, campus, or towns.

V2 General LV Distribution/Lighting/Power

CONSIDER:
• Electricity supply: hand over the building to the Employer (Client) with a Green Tariff electricity supply, avoiding the financial burden of the equipment to generate renewable electricity.
• Private networks linking many generation plants in many buildings, around sites, campus, or towns.
• To avoid the predominance of electrical transformers which generate heat all year round (whilst reducing voltage from 220-240 V to 6-12 V), consider introducing low voltage circuits to supply power to low voltage equipment e.g. laptops.

V20 LV Distribution

CONSIDER:
• To avoid the predominance of electrical transformers which generate heat all year round (whilst reducing voltage from 220-240 V to 6-12 V), consider introducing low voltage circuits to supply power to low voltage equipment e.g. laptops.

V22 General LV Power

CONSIDER:
• Low voltage circuits to plug in low voltage equipment: e.g. Laptops, Broadband, Modem, CD, MD, Cassette players, Telephone chargers, etc.

AVOID:
• The use of many transformers to lower voltage, each one loses energy by generating heat which is also undesirable in warm weather.

V3 Special Types Of Supply/Distribution

CONSIDER:
• Private networks linking many generation plants in many buildings, around sites, campuses or towns.

V30 Extra Low Voltage Supply

CONSIDER:
• Low voltage circuits to plug in low voltage equipment: e.g. laptops, broadband, modem, CD, MD and telephone chargers.

AVOID:
• The use of many transformers to lower voltage, each one loses energy by generating heat (which is also undesirable in warm weather).

V31 DC Supply

CONSIDER:
• Having a dedicated DC circuit if the number of transformers required will generate unwanted heat.

AVOID:
• Having to have many transformers around a building which generate hat all year round.

V32 Uninterrupted Power Supply

CONSIDER:
• All appropriate renewable systems including:
- Specify most efficient appliances and luminaires: Efficiency: Grade A in all cases.
- Significant energy savings over life of equipment and of building can be achieved.
- Specify most efficient lighting, consider LED and piezo-electronic systems where available and appropriate.

V4 Special Lighting

CONSIDER:
• All appropriate renewable systems including:
- Specify most efficient appliances and luminaires: Efficiency: Grade A in all cases.
- Significant energy savings over life of equipment and of building can be achieved.
- Specify most efficient lighting, consider LED and piezo-electronic systems where available and appropriate.

V40 Emergency Lighting

CONSIDER:
• Private distribution networks permit many generation units to maintain supplies and avoids duplication of equipment, as long as the network has excess capacity.

V41 Street/Area/Flood Lighting

CONSIDER:
• Guards on luminaires that control the spread of light beyond boundary walls and fences.

AVOID:
• Lighting the sky directly, select luminaires that direct all light towards target, mostly the pavement or road
• Blinding adjacent property occupants with intense lighting that is not controlled to point at the site
• Lighting the night sky making it more difficult for astronomical observatories to see the stars
• Spherical street lamp with 50% of light going directly to the sky, and a significant percentage going sideways illuminating neighbours that may not want illuminating.

V42 Studio/Auditorium/Arena Lighting

AVOID:
• Lighting the sky directly, select luminaires that direct all light towards target, mostly the pavement or road.

V5 Electric Heating

AVOID:
• Electric heating at all cost until all electricity supplies are renewable, green tariff supplies.

V50 Electric Underfloor/Ceiling Heating

AVOID:
• Electric heating at all cost until all electricity supplies are renewable, green tariff supplies.

V51 Electric Heating

AVOID:
• Electric heating at all cost until all electricity supplies are renewable, green tariff supplies

V90 General Lighting And Power (Small Scale)

CONSIDER:
• Green Tariff electricity supply.
• Micro-CHP (Combined heat and power) plant generating electricity and heat as a by-product.
• All appropriate renewable systems including:
- Specify most efficient appliances and luminaires: Efficiency: Grade A in all cases
- Significant energy savings over life of equipment and of building can be achieved
• Specify most efficient lighting, consider LED and piezo-electronic systems where available and appropriate
• Guards on luminaires that control the spread of light beyond boundary walls and fences.
• To avoid the predominance of electrical transformers which generate heat all year round, whilst reducing voltage from 220-240 V to 6-12 V, consider introducing low voltage circuits to supply power to low voltage equipment.
• You might like to think about the effects of electrical equipment on humans. There has been a great deal of publicity in the media concerning the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on sensitive individuals known as ,Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity'. However, at the time of writing (May 2006) there have been 31 studies on the subject. Only 3 of the papers showed an association between EMF and reported symptoms. The remaining 28 did not. On the subject of whether EMF cause cancer, the Draper pylons study (an aggregation of other studies) shows that a residential exposure of 0.3 microtesia (the magnetic field) is associated with doubling of child leukemia rate (0.3 microtesia is what you are probably getting from your computer screen at the moment). No EMF are emitted when appliances are turned off and their plugs removed. Child leukemia has been steadily declining over the last 5 decades. That all said, designers might like err on the side of caution and design to avoid locating sleeping areas adjacent to switchgear and distribution boards and the cable entering them .
• All sockets should be switched and turned off when not in use.

AVOID:
• Electric heating and other electric uses where other fuel sources are practical/possible alternatives.
• Electric heating at all cost until all electricity supplies are renewable, green tariff supplies .
• Lighting the sky directly, select luminaires that direct all light towards target, mostly the pavement or road.
• Blinding adjacent property occupants with intense lighting that is not controlled to point at the site.
• Lighting the night sky making it more difficult for astronomical observatories to see the stars.